Ecological effects of full and partial protection in the crowded Mediterranean Sea: a regional meta-analysis
Identifieur interne : 000D65 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000D64; suivant : 000D66Ecological effects of full and partial protection in the crowded Mediterranean Sea: a regional meta-analysis
Auteurs : Sylvaine Giakoumi [France] ; Claudia Scianna [France] ; Jeremiah Plass-Johnson [France, Danemark] ; Fiorenza Micheli [États-Unis] ; Kirsten Grorud-Colvert [États-Unis] ; Pierre Thiriet [France] ; Joachim Claudet [France, Polynésie française] ; Giuseppe Di Carlo [Italie] ; Antonio Di Franco [France] ; Steven D. Gaines [États-Unis] ; José A. García-Charton [Espagne] ; Jane Lubchenco [États-Unis] ; Jessica Reimer [États-Unis] ; Enric Sala [États-Unis] ; Paolo Guidetti [France, Italie]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a cornerstone of marine conservation. Globally, the number and coverage of MPAs are increasing, but MPA implementation lags in many human-dominated regions. In areas with intense competition for space and resources, evaluation of the effects of MPAs is crucial to inform decisions. In the human-dominated Mediterranean Sea, fully protected areas occupy only 0.04% of its surface. We evaluated the impacts of full and partial protection on biomass and density of fish assemblages, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs. We explored the relationships between the level of protection and MPA size, age, and enforcement. Results revealed significant positive effects of protection for fisheries target species and negative effects for urchins as their predators benefited from protection. Full protection provided stronger effects than partial protection. Benefits of full protection for fish biomass were only correlated with the level of MPA enforcement; fish density was higher in older, better enforced, and —interestingly— smaller MPAs. Our finding that even small, well-enforced, fully protected areas can have significant ecological effects is encouraging for “crowded” marine environments. However, more data are needed to evaluate sufficient MPA sizes for protecting populations of species with varying mobility levels.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08850-w
PubMed: 28827603
PubMed Central: 5566470
Affiliations:
- Danemark, Espagne, France, Italie, Polynésie française, États-Unis
- Californie, District de Columbia, Languedoc-Roussillon, Latium, Occitanie (région administrative), Oregon, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Région Bretagne, Île-de-France
- Dinard, Nice, Paris, Perpignan, Rome
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Blanc, 35800 Dinard</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Dinard</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Research Unit Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (UMR 7208 BOREA) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, UCN, UA, CNRS, IRD - 43 Rue Cuvier, CP26, 75005 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Unit Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (UMR 7208 BOREA) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, UCN, UA, CNRS, IRD - 43 Rue Cuvier, CP26, 75005 Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">UMS 2006 Patrimoine Naturel - Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CRESCO, 38 Rue du Port Blanc, 35800 Dinard, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMS 2006 Patrimoine Naturel - Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CRESCO, 38 Rue du Port Blanc, 35800 Dinard</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Dinard</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Claudet, Joachim" sort="Claudet, Joachim" uniqKey="Claudet J" first="Joachim" last="Claudet">Joachim Claudet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Research University, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Perpignan, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Research University, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Perpignan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Perpignan</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Polynésie française</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL, Moorea</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Moorea</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" sort="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Di Carlo G" first="Giuseppe" last="Di Carlo">Giuseppe Di Carlo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.426454.5</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Via Po 25/C,</institution></institution-wrap>00198 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>00198 Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Franco, Antonio" sort="Di Franco, Antonio" uniqKey="Di Franco A" first="Antonio" last="Di Franco">Antonio Di Franco</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose,</institution></institution-wrap>28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>06108 Nice</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>06108 Nice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaines, Steven D" sort="Gaines, Steven D" uniqKey="Gaines S" first="Steven D." last="Gaines">Steven D. Gaines</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9676</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.133342.4</institution-id><institution>Bren School of Environmental Science & Management,</institution><institution>University of California,</institution></institution-wrap>Santa Barbara, CA 93117 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Santa Barbara</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Charton, Jose A" sort="Garcia Charton, Jose A" uniqKey="Garcia Charton J" first="José A." last="García-Charton">José A. García-Charton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2287 8496</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10586.3a</institution-id><institution>Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología,</institution><institution>Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo,</institution></institution-wrap>30100 Murcia, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>30100 Murcia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lubchenco, Jane" sort="Lubchenco, Jane" uniqKey="Lubchenco J" first="Jane" last="Lubchenco">Jane Lubchenco</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 1969</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4391.f</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Oregon State University,</institution></institution-wrap>3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Oregon</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reimer, Jessica" sort="Reimer, Jessica" uniqKey="Reimer J" first="Jessica" last="Reimer">Jessica Reimer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 1969</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4391.f</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Oregon State University,</institution></institution-wrap>3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Oregon</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sala, Enric" sort="Sala, Enric" uniqKey="Sala E" first="Enric" last="Sala">Enric Sala</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2216 0097</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.422252.1</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>National Geographic Society,</institution></institution-wrap>Washington, DC 20036 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">District de Columbia</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Washington</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guidetti, Paolo" sort="Guidetti, Paolo" uniqKey="Guidetti P" first="Paolo" last="Guidetti">Paolo Guidetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose,</institution></institution-wrap>28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>06108 Nice</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>06108 Nice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12">CoNISMa (Interuniversitary Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>CoNISMa (Interuniversitary Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a cornerstone of marine conservation. Globally, the number and coverage of MPAs are increasing, but MPA implementation lags in many human-dominated regions. In areas with intense competition for space and resources, evaluation of the effects of MPAs is crucial to inform decisions. In the human-dominated Mediterranean Sea, fully protected areas occupy only 0.04% of its surface. We evaluated the impacts of full and partial protection on biomass and density of fish assemblages, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs. We explored the relationships between the level of protection and MPA size, age, and enforcement. Results revealed significant positive effects of protection for fisheries target species and negative effects for urchins as their predators benefited from protection. Full protection provided stronger effects than partial protection. Benefits of full protection for fish biomass were only correlated with the level of MPA enforcement; fish density was higher in older, better enforced, and —interestingly— smaller MPAs. Our finding that even small, well-enforced, fully protected areas can have significant ecological effects is encouraging for “crowded” marine environments. 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sortKey="Eggleston, Db" uniqKey="Eggleston D">DB Eggleston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parsons, Dm" uniqKey="Parsons D">DM Parsons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tuya, F" uniqKey="Tuya F">F Tuya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Jerez, P" uniqKey="Sanchez Jerez P">P Sanchez-Jerez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dempster, T" uniqKey="Dempster T">T Dempster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyra, A" uniqKey="Boyra A">A Boyra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haroun, Rj" uniqKey="Haroun R">RJ Haroun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Claudet, J" uniqKey="Claudet J">J Claudet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jaworski, A" uniqKey="Jaworski A">A Jaworski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Solmundsson, J" uniqKey="Solmundsson J">J Solmundsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ragnarsson, Sa" uniqKey="Ragnarsson S">SA Ragnarsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hackradt, Cw" uniqKey="Hackradt C">CW Hackradt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scianna, C" uniqKey="Scianna C">C Scianna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niccolini, F" uniqKey="Niccolini F">F Niccolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaines, Sd" uniqKey="Gaines S">SD Gaines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guidetti, P" uniqKey="Guidetti P">P Guidetti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sala, E" uniqKey="Sala E">E Sala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aburto Oropeza, O" uniqKey="Aburto Oropeza O">O Aburto-Oropeza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reza, M" uniqKey="Reza M">M Reza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paredes, G" uniqKey="Paredes G">G Paredes</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Lemus, Lg" uniqKey="L Pez Lemus L">LG López-Lemus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salomidi, M" uniqKey="Salomidi M">M Salomidi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guidetti, P" uniqKey="Guidetti P">P Guidetti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guidetti, P" uniqKey="Guidetti P">P Guidetti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gaines, Sd" uniqKey="Gaines S">SD Gaines</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, C" uniqKey="White C">C White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Mh" uniqKey="Carr M">MH Carr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palumbi, Sr" uniqKey="Palumbi S">SR Palumbi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giakoumi, S" uniqKey="Giakoumi S">S Giakoumi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grantham, Hs" uniqKey="Grantham H">HS Grantham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kokkoris, Gd" uniqKey="Kokkoris G">GD Kokkoris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Possingham, Hp" uniqKey="Possingham H">HP Possingham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fenberg, Pb" uniqKey="Fenberg P">PB Fenberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hedges, Lv" uniqKey="Hedges L">LV Hedges</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gurevitch, J" uniqKey="Gurevitch J">J Gurevitch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curtis, Ps" uniqKey="Curtis P">PS Curtis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huedo Medina, Tb" uniqKey="Huedo Medina T">TB Huedo-Medina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Meca, J" uniqKey="Sanchez Meca J">J Sánchez-Meca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marin Martinez, F" uniqKey="Marin Martinez F">F Marín-Martínez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Botella, J" uniqKey="Botella J">J Botella</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Polynésie française</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Californie</li><li>District de Columbia</li><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Latium</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Oregon</li><li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li><li>Région Bretagne</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Dinard</li><li>Nice</li><li>Paris</li><li>Perpignan</li><li>Rome</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"><name sortKey="Giakoumi, Sylvaine" sort="Giakoumi, Sylvaine" uniqKey="Giakoumi S" first="Sylvaine" last="Giakoumi">Sylvaine Giakoumi</name></region><name sortKey="Claudet, Joachim" sort="Claudet, Joachim" uniqKey="Claudet J" first="Joachim" last="Claudet">Joachim Claudet</name><name sortKey="Di Franco, Antonio" sort="Di Franco, Antonio" uniqKey="Di Franco A" first="Antonio" last="Di Franco">Antonio Di Franco</name><name sortKey="Guidetti, Paolo" sort="Guidetti, Paolo" uniqKey="Guidetti P" first="Paolo" last="Guidetti">Paolo Guidetti</name><name sortKey="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" sort="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Plass Johnson J" first="Jeremiah" last="Plass-Johnson">Jeremiah Plass-Johnson</name><name sortKey="Scianna, Claudia" sort="Scianna, Claudia" uniqKey="Scianna C" first="Claudia" last="Scianna">Claudia Scianna</name><name sortKey="Thiriet, Pierre" sort="Thiriet, Pierre" uniqKey="Thiriet P" first="Pierre" last="Thiriet">Pierre Thiriet</name><name sortKey="Thiriet, Pierre" sort="Thiriet, Pierre" uniqKey="Thiriet P" first="Pierre" last="Thiriet">Pierre Thiriet</name><name sortKey="Thiriet, Pierre" sort="Thiriet, Pierre" uniqKey="Thiriet P" first="Pierre" last="Thiriet">Pierre Thiriet</name></country><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" sort="Plass Johnson, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Plass Johnson J" first="Jeremiah" last="Plass-Johnson">Jeremiah Plass-Johnson</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name></region><name sortKey="Gaines, Steven D" sort="Gaines, Steven D" uniqKey="Gaines S" first="Steven D." last="Gaines">Steven D. Gaines</name><name sortKey="Grorud Colvert, Kirsten" sort="Grorud Colvert, Kirsten" uniqKey="Grorud Colvert K" first="Kirsten" last="Grorud-Colvert">Kirsten Grorud-Colvert</name><name sortKey="Lubchenco, Jane" sort="Lubchenco, Jane" uniqKey="Lubchenco J" first="Jane" last="Lubchenco">Jane Lubchenco</name><name sortKey="Reimer, Jessica" sort="Reimer, Jessica" uniqKey="Reimer J" first="Jessica" last="Reimer">Jessica Reimer</name><name sortKey="Sala, Enric" sort="Sala, Enric" uniqKey="Sala E" first="Enric" last="Sala">Enric Sala</name></country><country name="Polynésie française"><noRegion><name sortKey="Claudet, Joachim" sort="Claudet, Joachim" uniqKey="Claudet J" first="Joachim" last="Claudet">Joachim Claudet</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" sort="Di Carlo, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Di Carlo G" first="Giuseppe" last="Di Carlo">Giuseppe Di Carlo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Guidetti, Paolo" sort="Guidetti, Paolo" uniqKey="Guidetti P" first="Paolo" last="Guidetti">Paolo Guidetti</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Garcia Charton, Jose A" sort="Garcia Charton, Jose A" uniqKey="Garcia Charton J" first="José A." last="García-Charton">José A. García-Charton</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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